Such tension test protocol, which was primarily created only for use in comparison of different steels, establishes the engineering stress and the engineering strain. Mechanical behavior of metallic type material, such as that of steel, is generally established by means of uniaxial tension test. Such simulations models for structural steel, however, require the use of realistic material stress-strain relationships, often extending up to fracture. In research, numerical modeling techniques are often used to effectively expand the limited experimental results and used to investigate the influence of relevant parameters associated with a problem. The finite-element- (FE-) method-based numerical analysis and other numerical analysis techniques are widely used in research involving structural steel and in the analysis and design of steel structures and elements. The predicted load-deformation behavior of perforated tension coupons agreed well with the corresponding test results validating the proposed characterization of the true stress-true strain relationship for structural steel. The material constitutive relationship so derived was then applied to predict the load-deformation behavior of coupons with a hole in the middle region subjected to direct tension loading. The true stress-true strain model parameters were established through matching of numerical analysis results with the corresponding standard uniaxial tensile test experimental results. The proposed model uses a power law in strain hardening range and a weighted power law in the postultimate range.
![engineering stress vs true stress curve engineering stress vs true stress curve](https://res.cloudinary.com/engineering-com/image/upload/v1536920158/tips/1._engineering_stress_strain_data_set_fzb0ho.jpg)
This paper establishes a five stage true stress-strain model for A992 and 350W steel grades, which can capture the behavior of structural steel, including the postultimate behavior of steel, until fracture.
![engineering stress vs true stress curve engineering stress vs true stress curve](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stress_strain_ductile.svg/1200px-Stress_strain_ductile.svg.png)
Modern numerical analysis techniques used for analysis of large strain problems such as failure analysis of steel structures and elements metal forming, metal cutting, and so forth, will require implementation and use of true stress-true strain material characterization. A standard uniaxial tensile test, which establishes the engineering stress-strain relationship, in general, provides the basic mechanical properties of steel required by a structural designer.